On the Sociological Imagination
by Danielle Allen
I have had trouble writing a
statement primarily because I have always thought of myself first as an
analyst of politics and second as a literary critic. Criticism, for me,
has generally been an instrument for coming to understand political
orders and phenomena and then for intervening in them. As I read it,
the call for statements is addressed rather to those who are critics
first. So what can somebody who approaches the question of the future
of criticism from my more resolutely political perspective add to the
conversation?
Perhaps I can offer the small
confession that, for
my work, I have always found Foucault more interesting than Derrida and
that the Foucauldian project still points, I believe, to a vast number
of unexplored avenues of inquiry. Foucault's genius lay in coupling a
sociological imagination—concerned with how whole societies work and
the structuring principles of their operations—with a remarkably astute
sensitivity to the texture and effects of sign systems. Derrida is no
less astute on the latter point but lacks (in my view) the sociological
imagination, which is fundamentally necessary for any effort to give
criticism serious political relevance.
If one wishes to know how language is working and
shaping our world, one needs to know not just how it plays, obscures,
reveals, and subverts, but also where human social orders are
explicitly (and not just implicitly) held together by words: the realms
of law and punishment, of value and the division of labor (gender and
sexuality come in here), of religion, of organized strife (from
athletic events to war), of membership in imagined communities like
"the people," and of generational transition. Words not only tell but
also do, but some words are asked to do more work than others, and
Foucault was more sensitive to this, in my view, than Derrida has
been. Whereas Foucault's work has inspired much valuable
scholarship in the areas of punishment and sexuality, the other areas I
mention remain to be explored. I would love for Critical Inquiry to
find some of way of tackling/critiquing economic theory, for instance,
or the intersections of religion and culture (Bruce Lincoln's work
comes to mind here), and to expand the work it has done on the
psychology of modern citizenship.
My focus on the political is not
meant to put
aesthetic or ethical questions in the back seat. Rather, aesthetic and
ethical terms are central to the functioning of each of the elements of
social organization I listed above. As for aesthetics, form matters not
only because it is part of content but because it especially affects
transmission. A second virtue of the Foucauldian approach to critical
inquiry is that it established a frame for seeing the terms of
politics, literature, sociology, history, psychology, art, and so on,
as mutually implicated. This provided an impetus for setting
interdisciplinary work at the forefront of the humanities. But in at
least my home discipline of classics, interdisciplinarity is slipping
off again and with it the glimmerings of the sociological imagination
that I think should be the basis of critical inquiry. It is my
hope that Critical Inquiry might be able to help secure purposeful
interdisciplinarity for the future and to cultivate within the
discipline the sort of sociological imagination that Foucault showed
could be such a rich basis for inquiry. It is also my hope that
criticism will become bolder about tackling economic theory and drawing
it, too, back within the provinces of the humanities. These
Foucault-oriented remarks may seem backward looking but, given that the
world changes, a sociological imagination, if it is to be what it
intends to be, is obliged to change with the world.
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