Whither Critical
Inquiry?
by Lorraine Daston
Critical Inquiry has
established its deserved reputation for must-readability by being
unclassifiable. It is neither an academic journal serving a
particular disciplinary audience (though some of its articles could
have been published in such a journal) nor a journal of general
cultural commentary (though, again, there is some overlap). Moreover,
some of the best articles published in recent issues are also
unclassifiable in style and genre—but all fresh, stimulating, and
written with clarity and verve. It seems to me that the greatest risk
for Critical Inquiry is becoming predictable and uniform, just as the
greatest risk for the humanities is becoming hermetic. Hence my
suggestions about where to go and what to do next are deliberately
helter-skelter, tending in no one direction in particular.
- Frameworks of interpretation: Humanists
have
immersed themselves in theories of every stripe for decades now, and,
at its best, theory illuminates whole new objects of inquiry and
reveals new ways of seeing old ones. Critical Inquiry has often been in
the vanguard here. What Critical Inquiry (and the humanities in
general) have not undertaken is a confrontation (or, less tendentiously
put, an encounter) with rival frameworks of interpretation in the human
sciences—that rubric embracing anthropology and economics, primatology
and psychology. Rational choice theory, game theory, and other models
of human conduct are frankly imperialistic in their aims. But insofar
as there has been any humanistic response to them, it has been a
rolling of eyes heavenward and a shrugging of shoulders about the
absurdity of it all (sentiments and gestures richly reciprocated by the
other side, especially the indifference). Yet much of the relevant
empirical evidence by which such theories might be evaluated lies
squarely within the province of the humanities—indeed, of humanistic
theory. Gender perspectives on rational actors, historical perspectives
on the criteria of rationality, historical perspectives on rational
choice theory itself are all urgently needed, and they are surely not
going to come from the human sciences themselves. This is not simply a
matter of the weary war between the faculties; it is a matter of how
all manner of decisions—political, social, and economic—are being
routinely made, firmly embedded within these interpretative frameworks.
To be concrete: how about articles devoted to the history and mythology
(in the sense of Roland Barthes) of the algorithm? of cost/benefit
analysis?
- Matter: My favorite among
recent issues was
"Things"—more, please! More visual essays like Sidney Nagel's "Shadows
and Ephemera" and more meditations on the significance of familiar
objects like Jeffrey Schnapp's "The Romance of Caffeine and Aluminum."
Perhaps a series of occasional essays (or poems or photographs) on the
ubiquitous and hence invisible stuff of daily life, to render weird and
wondrous the mundane and prosaic: Scotch tape, baking soda, rayon,
plywood. There is a particular humanistic take on the material and the
technological—part historical, part aesthetic, part critical, part
ethnographic—that lights things up from within and seems to me very
much in the spirit of intellectual (and sometimes literal) double takes
Critical Inquiry at its best provokes.
- Media: From time to time, as
the editors deem
fit, a reflective essay on the occasion of a remarkable museum
exhibition or website or advertisement or performance (stage, film,
television, street) would enliven the pages of Critical Inquiry and its
unrelieved diet of articles. What I mean is not a review—plenty of
other people are already reviewing all and sundry—but a reflection
about how one might think about such a thing as a philosopher, a
literary scholar, a cultural historian. How might it be conceptualized,
not in the abstract (as in media theory), but in the concrete, on the
basis of this specific event? Preferably, it should not be the art
historian who meditates on the museum exhibition (unless it's an
exhibition at a museum specializing in something other than art), nor
the film theorist pondering the movie. What is wanted is to train the
analytical gaze on objects foreign to one's discipline and to see what
happens to both object and discipline as a result.
- Cultural energies and
recognition: Still on the
contemporary scene, why do creative energies flow in some channels but
not others? And why are some creators (for example, artists) visible,
even hypervisible, and others with far larger followings (for example,
certain website designers, car designers, designers in general)
invisible? Can Critical Inquiry persuade scholars to take the large and
subtle historical literature that addresses these questions for, say,
Renaissance Italy or nineteenth-century France and pose them for the
here-and-now? It is an oddity in a culture otherwise so obsessed with
individual recognition that some of its most striking creative
products—one thinks especially of advertising—are indeed handsomely
renumerated but unsigned. Issues of authorship, property rights, but
also collective habits of viewing and valorizing are all in play here.
Again, this is an opportunity for humanists to make sense of a world
still in formation, using tools they've honed over decades.
- How humanists know what they
know: The
philosophical literature on epistemology and the historical literature
on scientific practices, especially in English, is overwhelmingly
slanted towards the natural sciences. That is the source of both
problems and examples, and, insofar as even the social sciences figure
in such analyses, they appear as pale imitations of the natural
sciences. Except for some older work on hermeneutics (mostly translated
from other languages and traditions) and one study of the history of
footnotes (by Anthony Grafton), there is almost nothing on the
epistemology and practices of humanists. Historians of science have
written about how biologists learned to see under the microscope, how
botanists learned to characterize plants in succinct Latin, how
physicists learned to abstract from messy phenomena to mathematical
models. But how do art historians learn to see, historians learn to
read, philosophers to argue? What is the history of the art-historical
slide collection, the initiation into archival research, the graduate
seminar? Insofar as any epistemological question about the knowledge of
humanists has been posed, it has centered on the objects of that
knowledge (for example, Dilthey's all-too-well-known opposition of the
ideographic and nomothetic). But what about an epistemology based upon
the practices of humanists, on what they do?
- Translations: Perhaps the
humanities everywhere
suffer from insularity because of the enormous reliance on language as
a precision instrument, but the situation is particularly acute in the
United States, where politics and geography conspire to make us
systematically ignorant of life and letters beyond our borders.
Critical Inquiry has made admirable attempts in the past to acquaint
anglophone readers with what is going on elsewhere that is new and
noteworthy; these efforts ought to be intensified and expanded to
include intellectuals around the globe, whether or not they are
academically affiliated or would even designate themselves as scholars.
In addition to translating bellwether pieces that have appeared in
other languages, perhaps short articles on approaches unfamiliar to
anglophone audiences but causing ferment elsewhere might be
commissioned from time to time. The need to deprovincialize the
humanities has never been more acute.
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